Si se conduce por los caminos polvorientos del distrito rural de Mount Airy en Jamaica, se verán docenas de tanques de aguas negras, muchos de ellos conectados con tuberías de desagüe que llegan a los tejados de las casas vecinas.

Los tanques miden dos metros de altura. Recogen agua de lluvia y, a través de un sistema de riego por goteo, la canalizan hacia campos cercanos llenos de tomates, pimientos y batatas.

En una zona cada vez más afectada por la sequía, que se ha relacionado con el cambio climático, estos tanques se han convertido en un salvavidas para los agricultores locales.

“Todos los que conozco se enfrentan al mismo desafío de una menor cantidad de lluvias y precipitaciones menos predecibles”, dice la agricultora Althea Spencer. Tener el sistema de recolección de agua de lluvia instalado “se siente bastante bien”, añade.

Un nuevo portal pretende mejorar la calidad del agua a través de mejores datos
El trabajo de Mount Airy cuenta con el apoyo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA). Es parte de un esfuerzo de comunidades de todo el mundo para gestionar el agua de manera más sostenible y encontrar nuevas fuentes de agua, una búsqueda que ha involucrado de todo, desde purificar aguas residuales hasta sembrar nubes. Esos esfuerzos están siendo impulsados por lo que los expertos dicen que es una inminente crisis mundial del agua, alimentada en parte por el cambio climático, que podría dejar a dos tercios de la humanidad enfrentando estrés hídrico el próximo año.

«La escasez de agua se ha convertido en un problema crítico para un número cada vez mayor de países», dice Leticia Carvalho, Coordinadora Principal de la Subdivisión de Agua Dulce y Marina del PNUMA. “Por lo tanto, los países de todo el mundo tendrán que ser más creativos en la forma de gestionar, conservar y asegurar las fuentes de agua en los próximos años. El uso inteligente de fuentes de agua no convencionales y en armonía con la naturaleza será esencial para acelerar el progreso hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible”.

Se espera que la seguridad hídrica esté en la agenda cuando los líderes se reúnan en Nairobi, Kenia, el próximo mes para la sexta sesión de la Asamblea de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, el órgano de toma de decisiones de más alto nivel del mundo sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el medio ambiente.

Personas agitando jarras de agua vacías en una protesta.
Los manifestantes denuncian la escasez de agua en Montevideo, Uruguay. Unos 2.400 millones de personas viven en países con escasez de agua, cifra que se espera que aumente espectacularmente en los próximos años. Foto: AFP/Eitan Abramovich
Hoy en día, 2.400 millones de personas viven en países con escasez de agua, definidos como naciones que extraen el 25 por ciento o más de sus recursos renovables de agua dulce para satisfacer la demanda de agua.

Las regiones más afectadas incluyen Asia meridional y central y África del Norte, donde la situación se considera crítica. Incluso países con infraestructura altamente desarrollada, como Estados Unidos, están viendo caer los niveles de agua a mínimos históricos.

Junto con el cambio climático, la crisis se ve alimentada por la urbanización descontrolada, el rápido crecimiento demográfico, la contaminación y el desarrollo territorial. La escasez de agua ya afecta a todo, desde la seguridad alimentaria hasta la biodiversidad, y en los próximos años está a punto de volverse más común.

Para 2025, es probable que 1.800 millones de personas enfrenten lo que la Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) llama “escasez absoluta de agua” y se espera que dos tercios de la población mundial enfrenten estrés hídrico.

Repensando dónde conseguir agua

Históricamente, la mayor parte del agua dulce para beber y saneamiento proviene de acuíferos subterráneos. Pero muchos se están secando debido al uso excesivo, a las temporadas secas más prolongadas y a la sequía. Este es un factor de riesgo elevado para los pequeños estados insulares en desarrollo donde el agua dulce está cada vez más amenazada por la salinización a medida que aumentan los niveles del mar y se hunden las tierras degradadas.

En un intento por encontrar agua, los países están recurriendo a fuentes menos convencionales.

En algunas zonas rurales, incluso en Chile y Perú, las comunidades están recolectando agua suspendida en el aire. Algunos de estos sistemas utilizan una malla fina para atrapar pequeñas gotas de niebla y extraerlas hacia un depósito.

Muchas comunidades también están considerando las aguas residuales como una posible respuesta al estrés hídrico. Un informe del PNUMA de 2023 encontró que podría suministrar más de 10 veces el agua que proporcionan las plantas desalinizadoras actuales del mundo. Las aguas residuales también son una fuente de energía, nutrientes y otros materiales recuperables; sin embargo, sólo el 58 por ciento de las aguas residuales domésticas se tratan de forma segura en todo el mundo. Las aguas residuales muchas veces no se reutilizan por temor a los contagios, los microplásticos y los medicamentos antimicrobianos. Pero los expertos dicen que con las políticas y tecnologías adecuadas, se puede dar una segunda vida a las aguas residuales de manera segura.

Drive down the dusty roads of Jamaica’s rural Mount Airy district and one will see dozens of black water tanks, many connected with drainpipes to the rooftops of neighbouring houses.

The tanks measure two metres tall. They collect rainwater and through a drip irrigation system, channel it to nearby fields brimming with tomatoes, peppers and sweet potatoes.

In an area increasingly plagued by drought, which has been linked to climate change, these tanks have become a lifeline for local farmers.

“Everybody I know faces the same challenge of reduced rain and less predictable rainfall,” says farmer Althea Spencer. Having the rainwater harvesting system in place “feels pretty good,” she adds.

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The Mount Airy work is supported by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It is part of a push by communities around the world to manage water more sustainably and to find novel sources of water, a quest that has involved everything from purifying sewage to seeding clouds. Those efforts are being driven by what experts say is a looming global water crisis, fed in part by climate change, that could leave two-thirds of humanity facing water stress by next year.

“Water scarcity has become a critical issue for an increasing number of countries,” says Leticia Carvalho, Principal Coordinator of UNEP’s Freshwater and Marine Branch. “Countries across the globe will therefore need to be more creative in the way they manage, conserve and secure water sources in the years to come. Using unconventional water sources wisely, and in harmony with nature, will be essential for accelerated progress on the Sustainable Development Goals.”

Water security is expected to be on the agenda when leaders meet in Nairobi, Kenya next month for the sixth session of the UN Environment Assembly, the world’s highest-level decision-making body on issues related to the environment.

People waving empty water jugs at a protest.
Protesters decry water shortages in Montevideo, Uruguay. Some 2.4 billion people live in water-stressed countries, a number expected to rise dramatically in the years to come. Photo: AFP/Eitan Abramovich

Today, 2.4 billion people live in water-stressed countries, defined as nations that withdraw 25 per cent or more of their renewable freshwater resources to meet water demand.

Hard hit regions include Southern and Central Asia, and North Africa, where the situation is considered critical. Even countries with highly developed infrastructure, like the United States, are seeing water levels drop to record lows.

Along with climate change, the crisis is being fed by unchecked urbanization, rapid population growth, pollution and land development. Water shortfalls already affect everything from food security to biodiversity and in the coming years, they are poised to become more common.

By 2025, 1.8 billion people are likely to face what the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) calls “absolute water scarcity” and two-thirds of the global population is expected to be grappling with water stress.

Rethinking where to get water

Historically, most fresh water for drinking and sanitation has come from groundwater aquifers. But many are drying up due to overuse, longer dry seasons and drought. This is a heightened risk factor for small island developing states where freshwater is becoming increasingly threatened by salination as sea levels rise and degraded lands sink.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=R0XQ5q7CsR8%3Fenablejsapi%3D1%26origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.unep.org

In a bid to find water, countries are turning to more unconventional sources.

In some rural areas, including in Chile and Peru, communities are collecting water suspended in the air. Some of these systems use a fine mesh to trap tiny droplets of fog and syphon them into a reservoir.

Many communities are also looking at wastewater as a potential answer to water stress. A 2023 UNEP report found it could supply more than 10 times the water provided by the world’s current desalination plants. Wastewater is also a source of energy, nutrients and other recoverable materials, yet only 58 per cent of household wastewater is safely treated globally. Wastewater is often not reused due to fears about contagions, microplastics and antimicrobial drugs. But experts say with the right policies and technologies, wastewater can safely be given a second life.

Two men standing over flowing water
Desalination plants, like this one in Saudi Arabia, provide drinking water to 300 million people around the world. However, there are concerns about the environmental toll of the facilities, which often run on fossil fuels and discharge toxic brine. Photo: AFP/Fayez Nurledine

In recent years, countries have started to embrace desalination, the process of removing salt from saltwater and filtering it to produce drinking water. According to a 2018 UN study there are 15,906 operational desalination plants producing around 95 million cubic metres a day of desalinated water for human use, of which 48 per cent is produced in West Asia and North Africa. The global dependence on desalination is predicted to grow rapidly in the coming years.

«Water scarcity has become a critical issue for an increasing number of countries, particularly in the Global South.»

Leticia Carvalho, UNEP

Several nations, such as Bahamas, Maldives and Malta, meet all their water needs through desalination, and about half of Saudi Arabia’s drinking water comes from it. However, desalination requires hefty investment in piping and pumping infrastructure, while the fossil fuels normally used in the energy-intensive desalination process contribute to global warming. The toxic brine desalination produces also pollutes coastal ecosystems.

In their quest to find more water, countries are also looking to tap the atmosphere which is estimated to contain 13,000 cubic kilometres of water vapour. A growing number of countries are experimenting with cloud seeding, a technique in which clouds are sown with silver iodide to make them rain or snow. Nations from Australia to South Africa have invested in the technology, and China has one of the world’s most ambitious programmes. However, guardrails need to be put in place, say experts, to avoid unintended consequences, such as drought in other regions.

Opportunities and barriers

While nations search for new sources of fresh water, experts say communities also need to better manage the water they do have.

On that front, the biggest opportunity is in lessening water loss in agricultural systems by, for example, investing in drip irrigation. Experts also say cities, home to more than half the world’s people, must do a better job of stemming water losses, including from leaky pipes. In the United States, for example, more than 3.7 trillion litres of water are lost annually to faulty household plumbing.

 People standing around a large black water tank.
In Jamaica, farmers say newly installed drip irrigation systems are helping to fend off water shortages brought on by climate change. Photo: Thomas Gordon-Martin

“Using our existing water resources much more efficiently, while also tapping unconventional water sources has huge potential to improve lives and livelihoods,” said UNEP’s Carvalho. Policymakers in water-scarce countries need to “radically rethink” their water planning policies by adding unconventional sources of water to the mix, she added. “For this to happen quickly international financial support, along with science to guide the sustainability of various approaches is urgently needed,” she said.

For further information, please contact Lis Mullin Bernhardt: [email protected] or Alex Pires: [email protected]